Grapevine plant named ‘Camminare Noir’

ABSTRACT

A new and distinct variety of grapevine plant named ‘Camminare Noir’, particularly selected for its high resistance to Pierce&#39;s disease, as well as quality of fruit and wines produced is disclosed.

Latin name:

Botanical classification: Vitis vinifera L.

Varietal denomination: The varietal denomination of the claimed varietyof grapevine plant is ‘Camminare Noir’.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pierce's disease (PD) is common across the southern United States fromVirginia to northern California. It is also common across Mexico andCentral America. The disease is caused by the bacterium Xylellafastidiosa, which is hosted by a very wide range of native andornamental plants. The bacterium is spread by xylem feeding insects asvectors, primarily sharpshooters. PD is one of the few diseases thatrapidly kills wine, table, and raisin grape cultivars of the cultivatedgrape, Vitis vinifera. Vector populations can be limited withinsecticides, but these are difficult to use near their typicallyriparian native habitat or in the ornamental landscapes in which theyflourish. Breeding for PD resistance has been active for over 70 years,but progress has been very slow due to a poor understanding of thegermplasm and the typically multigenic nature of the resistance in mostof the resistant grape species. The two most commonly grown PD resistantvarieties, ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’ (‘Lenoir’ is also known as‘Black Spanish’ or ‘Jacquet’), are F₁ hybrids between V. viniferacultivars and resistant American grape species from the southern UnitedStates, and are therefore only about 50% of V. vinifera. ‘Blanc du Bois’and ‘Lenoir’ produce wines with lower quality than V. vinifera winegrape varieties, and they are tolerant of, rather than resistant to, X.fastidiosa infection, which results in their potential to expand areasdamaged by PD due to their ability to act as host plants for thebacteria and vectors. Neither ‘Blanc du Bois’ nor ‘Lenoir’ are patented.

Grapevine is an important and valuable crop. Accordingly, there is aneed for new varieties of grapevine plant. In particular, there is aneed for improved varieties of grapevine plant that produce high qualityfruit for winemaking and are resistant to Pierce's disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to meet these needs, the present invention is directed to animproved variety of grapevine plant. In particular, the inventionrelates to a new and distinct variety of grapevine plant (Vitis viniferaL.), which has been denominated as ‘Camminare Noir’. Grapevine plantvariety ‘Camminare Noir’ possesses very strong resistance to thebacterial causal agent of Pierce's disease (PD), and produces very highquality fruit and wines therefrom that are indistinguishable from thewidely grown European wine grape cultivars. Other PD resistant cultivarsare known, but their fruit and winemaking quality are poor in comparisonto ‘Camminare Noir’ and their resistance is much lower.

In particular, grapevine plant variety ‘Camminare Noir’ is a red winegrape selection that is about 94% V. vinifera (including 50% ‘PetiteSirah’ and 25% ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’). In comparison, the two mostcommonly grown PD resistant varieties, ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’, areonly about 50% of V. vinifera. ‘Camminare Noir’ is highly resistant toPD as shown in repeated tests in the greenhouse. ‘Camminare Noir’ hasbeen established in large test plots along the Napa River, Calif. and inOjai, Calif. ‘Camminare Noir’ is one of the earliest to break dormancy,and it also blooms and ripens early. The berries are relatively largeand the well-filled clusters are medium in size. Wines made from fruitof ‘Camminare Noir’ have characteristics of both ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’and ‘Petite Sirah’ and may be described as: ‘dark-red purple color’,‘bright red fruit’, ‘raspberry’, ‘cherry’, ‘ripe’, ‘tannic’, and‘elegant rather than dense’.

Pedigree and Breed History

The development of this new grapevine variety is in part a result of thediscovery of a single dominant gene for resistance to Xylellafastidiosa, the bacterial causal agent of Pierce's disease (PD). Thesource of the PD resistance is a form of V. arizonica (‘b43-17’) thatappears to have some V. candicans parentage and is from Monterrey,Mexico. ‘b43-17’ was crossed to the susceptible V. rupestris ‘A. deSerres’ to create the F8909 population. Neither ‘b43-17’ nor ‘A. deSerres’ are patented. The resistance from ‘b43-17’ was found to beinherited as a single dominant gene (locus), and this resistance gene,PdRl, was genetically mapped using the F8909 population by a grapevinebreeding program. Tightly linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markerswere developed and were used in marker-assisted selection to excludesusceptible plants from evaluation in each round of selection. All theprogeny with PdRl were tested for PD resistance and only those withstrong resistance were considered for use as parents. Potential parentswere also screened for fruit quality over generations and only thosewith good quality fruit and that appeared like Ii. vinifera wereselected.

Line ‘F8909-08’ from the F8909 population was crossed to ‘P79-101’, ahighly susceptible, advanced V. vinifera table grape selection a grapebreeding program. The resulting ‘F8909-08’ X ‘P79-101’ F₁ generation andprogeny thereof were screened with the SSR markers for resistance to X.fastidiosa under greenhouse conditions. A highly resistant selectionfrom the ‘F8909-08’ X ‘P79-101’ cross, ‘00504-20’, was crossed toanother V. vinifera table grape from the USDA grape breeding program,‘B52-89’, to create ‘A81-138’, which was also selected for its very highresistance to PD. ‘A81-138’ was then used to cross to V. vinifera winegrapes for several generations of modified backcrossing to obtain thecandidate selection ‘07355-075’, which was later named as ‘CamminareNoir’. None of the parents across the multiple backcross generations arepatented. These backcrosses were modified because of the highheterozygosity and recessive load found in grapes. Hence, to avoidexposure of deleterious recessive alleles, each generation ofbackcrossing was to a different and unrelated high quality V. viniferacultivar.

Accordingly, the parentage of ‘Camminare Noir’ is ‘U0505-01’ (‘A81-138’X V. vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’) X V. vinifera ‘Petite Sirah’.‘Camminare Noir’ was particularly selected for its high resistance toPierce's disease, as well as the quality of its fruit and wines producedtherefrom. It is distinguishable from its maternal parent, U505-01, byits leaves which appear more like its paternal parent, and from itspaternal parent by its strong resistance to Xylella fastidiosa

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

This new grapevine plant variety is illustrated by the accompanyingphotographs. The colors shown are as true as can be reasonably obtainedby conventional photographic procedures. The photographs are of plantsthat are five to seven years old. Colors referred to are in reference toThe Royal Horticultural Society Colour Charts Edition V.

FIG. 1 shows simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data establishing a DNAfingerprint for ‘Camminare Noir’ with nine pure Vitis vinifera cultivarsfor comparison. Alleles for marker-assisted selection of the Xylellafastidiosa locus (PdRl) are shown in red.

FIG. 2 illustrates the upper surface of a leaf of grapevine plantvariety ‘Camminare Noir’.

FIG. 3 illustrates the lower surface of a leaf of grapevine plantvariety ‘Camminare Noir’.

FIG. 4 illustrates a section of a shoot tip of grapevine plant variety‘Camminare Noir’.

FIG. 5 illustrates clusters of berries of grapevine plant variety‘Camminare Noir’.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cluster of berries grown on a plant of grapevineplant variety ‘Camminare Noir’.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The following is a detailed description of the new grapevine plantvariety designated as ‘Camminare Noir’, including the keydifferentiating characteristics of this variety and comparisons ofcharacteristics of ‘Camminare Noir’ to other grapevine varieties. Unlessotherwise indicated, evaluation data were taken from five- toseven-year-old plants, grown in Davis, Calif.

-   Classification:    -   -   Family.—Vitaceae.        -   Botanical name.—Vitis vinifera L.        -   Common name.—Grapevine.        -   Variety name.—‘Camminare Noir’.-   Parentage:    -   -   Female parent.—‘U0505-01’ (unpatented).        -   Male parent.—‘Petite Sirah’ (unpatented).-   Plant:    -   -   Berries.—Medium sized, spherical, dark purple-black,            blue-grey bloom.        -   Clusters.—Medium sized, conical, well-filled clusters.        -   Leaves.—Three- to five-lobed cuneiform in shape, u-shaped            petiolar sinus, sinuses between the apical and lateral lobes            overlap, relatively short and uniform teeth on leaf margin,            mostly glabrous with short tomentum on abaxial leaf surface,            red-purple petioles.        -   Shoot tips.—Upright, dark green shoot tips with bronze red            highlights.        -   Production.—Very early budbreak, flowers and ripens early.        -   Method of propagation.—Vegetative propagation via woody or            herbaceous cuttings, or budding and grafting to rootstock.            ‘Camminare Noir’ has been asexually reproduced June 2009 at            greenhouses at Orchard Park Dr. in Davis, Calif. from            herbaceous cuttings. Any rootstock can be used with the            variety. Most often it will be grown on rootstocks that            resist grape phylloxera and or nematodes. In testing,            selections were evaluated grafted on ‘1103P’ rootstock which            is not patented. It was chosen for ease of propagation and            because it is widely used in California. The variety has            been grafted on many other rootstocks for testing in field            trials as well.

‘Camminare Noir’ has the highest form of resistance to X. fastidiosacoupled with the highest wine quality of any PD resistant wine grape yetproduced. ‘Camminare Noir’ is selected for very high resistance, not themore commonly found tolerance, to prevent the production of host plantscapable of further spreading PD to surrounding vineyards.

‘Camminare Noir’ has a very strong PD resistance and the highest winequality of any currently used PD resistant wine grape. PD is one of thefew diseases that kill susceptible grapevines. Two most popular PDresistant wine grape varieties, ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’ (‘Lenoir’is also known as ‘Black Spanish’ or ‘Jacquez’), were used as controls orstandards in all testing so that the wine quality and resistance of thecandidate variety could be compared to available PD resistant varietiesused across the southern United States. It is noted that ‘Blanc du Bois’and ‘Lenoir’ have relatively poor wine quality and are tolerant, notresistant, to PD. Neither ‘Blanc du Bois’ nor ‘Lenoir’ are patented.

‘Camminare Noir’ has far better PD resistance and wine quality whencompared with ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’. In other words, ‘CamminareNoir’ combines very strong resistance to X. fastidiosa with the winequality of internationally acclaimed wine grape cultivars. ‘CamminareNoir’ was selected as a variety that exhibits high resistance to X.fastidiosa and V. vinifera-like wine quality. The data presented beloware intended to further characterize ‘Camminare Noir’. The appearance of‘Camminare Noir’ is illustrated in FIGS. 2-6, and furthercharacteristics of ‘Camminare Noir’ are presented in Tables 1-8.

FIG. 1 presents the DNA fingerprinting profile for ‘Camminare Noir’ andnine pure Vitis vinifera cultivars for comparison with the standard setof internationally agreed-upon genetic markers. This SSR fingerprintingprofile can be used for DNA-based identification.

Table 1 presents typical phenological data for ‘Camminare Noir’. Thesedata are for 2016, but the ranking of the selections in regard to anearly cultivar (‘Pinot noir’) and a late cultivar (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’)have been typical over years. In general, ‘Camminare Noir’ isphenologically mid-season.

TABLE 1 Average phenological states for ‘Camminare Noir’. ‘CabernetSauvignon’ (late) and ‘Pinot Noir’ (early) are included as comparisons.Based on the percentage of V. vinifera in this plant and the nature ofits parents, the variety is expected to grow in USDA Hardiness Zone 6-7.50% Cultivar Budbreak 50% bloom veraison 24 °Brix ‘Camminare Noir’ 3/8 4/24 7/8 8/5 ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ 3/24 5/7   7/21  8/30 ‘Pinot Noir’3/10 4/30 7/9 8/9

Table 2 presents the average duster and berry data for ‘Camminare Noir’and averaged over multiple years.

TABLE 2 Average cluster and berry sizes of ‘Camminare Noir’ and itscomparison varieties. Data are averages over multiple years. Num- Avg.t-test Avg. t-test ber of Cluster Cluster Berry Berry Genotype Years Wt.(g) Wt. Wt. (g) Wt. Clusters ‘Camminare Noir’ 8 254 bc 1.3 abcWell-filled ‘Blanc du Bois’ 6 148 d 1.5 a Well-filled ‘Cabernet 6 132 d1.2 c Loose to Sauvignon’ well-filled ‘Chardonnay’ 6 196 cd 1.5 abWell-filled to compact ‘Lenoir’ 6 157 d 1.3 bc Loose

Table 3 presents the average yield per vine data taken over 2016 to2018.

TABLE 3 Average production data for ‘Camminare Noir’ and its comparisonvarieties. Data are averages from three years (2016 to 2018). Avg.Yield/ Std. Dev. Number of Genotype Vine (kg) (kg) t-test Years‘Camminare Noir’ 10.9 2.7 a 3 ‘Blanc du Bois’ 12.7 1.8 a 3 ‘CabernetSauvignon’ 10.9 1.8 a 3 ‘Chardonnay’ 10.9 3.2 a 3 ‘Lenoir’ 20.0 6.8 b 3

Mean berry juice data were also taken and Table 4 presents this dataover a five-year period between 2014 and 2018. These values areconsistent with cultivars that produce high quality wines.

TABLE 4 Average juice data for ‘Camminare Noir’ and its comparisonvarieties. Data are averages from five years (2014 to 2018). Avg. Avg.L- t-test t-test titratable t-test malic t-test Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.acidity Avg. acid Avg. Genotype °Brix °Brix pH pH (g/L) TA (g/L) MA‘Camminare 26.3 ab 3.51 c 6.0 c 1.6 cd Noir’ ‘Blanc du 23.5 c 3.58 bc5.2 de 2.3 bcd Bois’ ‘Cabernet 25.8 b 3.74 abc 5.2 de 1.9 bcd Sauvignon’‘Chardonnay’ 23.3 cd 3.68 bc 5.9 cd 2.4 bc ‘Lenoir’ 21.3 e 3.96 a 9.1 a4.5 a

Xylella fastidiosa susceptibility data are presented in Table 5, whichpresents the levels of X. fastidiosa in relationship to tolerant (‘Blancdu Bois’ and to a lesser extent, ‘Lenoir’) and susceptible (‘Chardonnay’and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’) cultivars. These are also mean data fromrepeated testing over seasons and greenhouses. Because of the highvariation in greenhouse conditions, at least four standards(bio-controls) were always used: ‘b43-17’, ‘Blanc du Bois’, ‘Lenoir’,and ‘Chardonnay’ (and occasionally other V. vinifera cultivars), whichallows the data to be compared across greenhouses, tests and seasons.These varieties tend to be very consistent in the amounts of bacteriathey support as well as the severity of their disease expression. Thecut-off between resistant and susceptible is usually between 75,000 and250,000 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml).

TABLE 5 Xylella fastidiosa concentrations based on ELISA readings andconverted to colony forming units (cfu/ml). Vitis arizonica ‘b43-17’ isthe source of resistance in the breeding program. Geometric Number MeanLeast Sq. Std. of Times Cultivar cfu/ml t-test Mean Error Tested‘b43-17’  12423 a 9.4 0.2 11 ‘Camminare Noir’  78041 b 11.3 0.4 4 ‘Blancdu Bois’  859096 c 13.7 0.2 11 ‘Lenoir’ 2421748 d 14.7 0.6 2‘Chardonnay’ 5197228 d 15.5 0.2 11 ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ 6582993 d 15.70.8 1

Table 6 presents the phenotype of ‘Camminare Noir’. The variety hasnormal hermaphroditic flowers and typical floral development as is foundin commercial V. vinifera wine grapes.

‘Camminare Noir’ Berry L, W 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm Berry weight, shape 1.3g/round Seed number, length and 2 width typical for V. vinifera winegrapes, but not measured Cluster L, W, shape, 4.0 cm × 7.0 cm,compactness, conical, well-filled 2 clusters/shoot Yield kg 11.95 kgPruning weights 1.75 kg Trunk width at 30 cm 4.6 cm Trunk color andtexture Rough shaggy bark 178D Woody shoots diameter 0.8 cm/5.0 cm abovecluster/and internode length Woody shoot texture First year bark andcolor adheres but peels in strips in second year 164B Active shootcolor, 144D internode color above N144D the cluster zone/cluster 0.8cm/5.0 cm zone shoot diameter/internode length (shoots same size aswoody canes in the cluster zone) Tendril length, diameter 12.0 cmTendril color, Opposite 0.2 cm leaves and alternating 2 145A nodes skip2 nodes skip Seed color 165B # Berries/cluster 308 Berry color skin and203D waxy bloom 190D Leaves L, W apex and 14.0 cm × 16.0 cm base shapeLeaf arrangement, leaf Alternate, palmate shape, and leaf color with 5lobes Top/Bottom 141A/143B Petiole L, diameter, 7.5 cm texture 0.3 cmsmooth Petiole color N78B Shoot tip color (first 142B opened leaf)Harvest date Aug. 11 Peduncle L, diam., 3.0 cm color, texture 0.5 cmN144B Smooth

Flower Descriptions

The floral buds and flower clusters are formed with in the latent(dormant) bud in the year before flowering. As the pre-formed nodes onthe compressed stems within the latent bud expand and the flowerclusters begin developing and the individual flowers on the paniclebegin forming. They are very small 2-4 mm and closer to 2 mm with winegrapes.

Leaf Descriptions

Cuneiform with broad flat basal lobes, deep open lateral sinuses, lyreshaped petiolar sinus, closed overlapping petiolar sinus, short sharpteeth on leaf margin, light tomentum on adaxial surface, red-purplecolor (N78B) in the petioles, but does not diffuse into the main veins.

Berry Descriptions

The variety does not have “slip-skin” type grapes. They have skin thatadheres to the flesh tightly. They are not firm at ripeness and are softcompared to modern era table grapes at harvest. The pedicels have normalattachment to the berries and are not distinguishable from other V.vinifera wine grapes in this or other morphological features, nor injuice and wine analysis.

Fruit and Juice Parameters

YAN is yeast assimilable nitrogen and helps predict fermentationsuccess. Seed color is rated as green to brown for mature seeds.

Table 7 presents the wine characteristics of ‘Camminare Noir’.

TA L-malic acid Potassium °Brix (g/L) pH (g/L) (mg/L) ‘Camminare 27.86.8 3.44 1.89 1930 Noir’ Total YAN Catechin Tannin anthocyanins (mg/L,as N) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) ‘Camminare 191 18 512 1382 Noir’

Table 8 presents the juice, fruit and seed phenotype of ‘CamminareNoir’.

Juice Juice Skin Hue Intensity Juice Flavor Flavor ‘Camminare pink-redmed fruity, straw sweet hay Noir’ Skin Seed Seed Tannin Color Tannin (1= low, (1 = gr, Seed (1 = high, 4 = high) 4 = br) Flavor 4 = low)‘Camminare 1 4 woody, spicy 3 Noir’

‘Camminare Noir’ has excellent PD resistance. However, it is highlysusceptible to a wide range of pests and diseases in a manner similar toother V. vinifera cultivars, and thus it must be treated as a pure V.vinifera cultivar in terms of susceptibility to fungal diseases andpests. ‘Camminare Noir’ has no known tolerance to adverse weather.Plants observed were found to be true to type through successivegenerations of asexual reproductions.

What is claimed is:
 1. A new and distinct variety of grapevine plantdesignated ‘Camminare Noir’ as shown and described herein.